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R Software Module

rwasp_smp.wasp

Title produced by software

Standard Deviation-Mean Plot

Date of computation

Tue, 09 Dec 2008 08:41:39 -0700

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Statistical Computations at FreeStatistics.org, Office for Research Development and Education, URL https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?v=date/2008/Dec/09/t1228837328pt3z9ccnurv30u2.htm/, Retrieved Fri, 17 May 2024 03:21:03 +0000

Statistical Computations at FreeStatistics.org, Office for Research Development and Education, URL https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525, Retrieved Fri, 17 May 2024 03:21:03 +0000

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Estimated Impact

185

Family? (F = Feedback message, R = changed R code, M = changed R Module, P = changed Parameters, D = changed Data)

F       [Standard Deviation-Mean Plot] [] [2008-12-09 15:41:39] [e02910eed3830f1815f587e12f46cbdb] [Current]

Feedback Forum

2008-12-10 13:35:17 [407693b66d7f2e0b350979005057872d] [reply] 
Dit antwoord is helemaal correct
2008-12-13 10:57:29 [Nicolaj Wuyts] [reply] 
We kunnen hier nog op aanvullen dat de lamba zorgt voor een normale spreiding van de gegevens.
2008-12-14 14:27:35 [Toon Wouters] [reply] 
Bij de Standard deviation-Mean Plot kon je nog concluderen dat er veel observaties van de data terug te vinden zijn op de plot en dat er een zwak positief lineair verband aanwezig is . Als je hier een regressierechte door de puntenwolk wil trekken, moet je oppassen voor outliers. Als deze zich in de linker of rechter bovenhoek bevinden kan deze de helling van de rechte beînvloeden.
2008-12-15 17:49:36 [Käthe Vanderheggen] [reply] 
De Standard Deviation Mean plot verdeelt de tijdreeks in gelijke periodes. De student merkt correct op dat deze het verband weergeeft tussen het gemiddelde en de standaardfout. Het is ook juist dat de p-waarde significant is (Deze is zeer klein dus we kunnen de toevalsfactor uitsluiten) en de lambdawaarde op 0,5 kan vastgesteld worden.  
De grafiek geeft het verband weer tussen het gemiddelde niveau en de standaardafwijking. Op de x-as zien we het gemiddelde en op de y-as de standaardafwijking. De student merkt correct het positieve verband op tussen het gemiddelde en de standaardfout. Ze zou hier echter nog bij kunnen vermeld hebben dat wanneer er een verband bestaat tussen het gemiddelde en de standaardafwijking, we de waarde van de theoretische lambda mogen nemen, die berekend is (in dit geval gelijk aan 0.47). Als er geen significant verband bestaat tussen de standaardafwijking en het gemiddelde, dan mogen we de berekende lambda niet nemen en moeten we deze 1 houden. We zoeken de lambda om de variantie te stabiliseren en zo de tijdreeks meer stationair te maken 
We moeten opletten voor de invloed van extreme outliers wanneer de grafiek niet sterk gecorreleerd is. De outlier zou immers het verloopt van de correlatiegrafiek volledig in de war kunnen sturen. In dit geval ligt de outlier niet extreem links of extreem rechts en zal het dus geen grote invloed hebben op de correlatie. 
2008-12-16 19:47:22 [Laura Reussens] [reply] 
Het Standaard deviation mean plot wordt gebruikt om de spreiding van de tijdreeks constant te maken. Bij deze methode wordt de tijdreeks opgesplitst in gelijke periodes. In dit voorbeeld hebben we periodes genomen van 12 maanden.  
 
Uit de eerste tabel kan je de regressierechte afleiden.  
Deze regressierechte wordt berekend om te kijken of er een lineair verband is tussen het gemiddelde en de Standaard deviatie.  
 
Vervolgens berekenen we lambda. Dit gebeurt a.d.h.v. de ln-regressierechte.  Indien de p-waarde groter is dan 0.05, moeten we lambda dan gelijk stellen aan 1 omdat er geen verband is tussen het gemiddelde en de standaarddeviatie.  
 
Ui de tabel kunnen we echter afleiden dat de p-waarde kleiner is dan 0,05. Dit betekent dat de beta-waarde signifant verschillend is van 0. Dit wil zeggen dat de lambda waarde kunnen gebruiken die door de software berekend werd, nl 0.46. Aangezien we deze waarde kunnen afronden tot 0,5, kunnen we besluiten dat we hier te maken hebben met een exponentiële transformatie.  
 
Zoals de student zegt, is er op de grafiek duidelijk sprake van een positief verband. 

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Summary of computational transaction
Raw Input	view raw input (R code)
Raw Output	view raw output of R engine
Computing time	3 seconds
R Server	'Herman Ole Andreas Wold' @ 193.190.124.10:1001

\begin{tabular}{lllllllll}
\hline
Summary of computational transaction \tabularnewline
Raw Input & view raw input (R code)  \tabularnewline
Raw Output & view raw output of R engine  \tabularnewline
Computing time & 3 seconds \tabularnewline
R Server & 'Herman Ole Andreas Wold' @ 193.190.124.10:1001 \tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}
%Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525&T=0

[TABLE]
[ROW][C]Summary of computational transaction[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]Raw Input[/C][C]view raw input (R code) [/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]Raw Output[/C][C]view raw output of R engine [/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]Computing time[/C][C]3 seconds[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]R Server[/C][C]'Herman Ole Andreas Wold' @ 193.190.124.10:1001[/C][/ROW]
[/TABLE]
Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525&T=0

Globally Unique Identifier (entire table): ba.freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525&T=0

As an alternative you can also use a QR Code:

The GUIDs for individual cells are displayed in the table below:

Summary of computational transaction
Raw Input	view raw input (R code)
Raw Output	view raw output of R engine
Computing time	3 seconds
R Server	'Herman Ole Andreas Wold' @ 193.190.124.10:1001

Standard Deviation-Mean Plot
Section	Mean	Standard Deviation	Range
1	227.733333333333	29.1940010442162	106
2	363.65	36.3267119348834	139.3
3	328.916666666667	93.5458451857438	273.6
4	205.45	30.3247123946491	89.5
5	188.333333333333	27.3773739803621	86
6	181.25	26.1571995999016	85.2
7	353.341666666667	36.2089506346236	110.8
8	285.308333333333	46.6051783766048	138.5
9	275.125	35.0509272345255	108.8
10	285.85	30.7409262296136	86.7
11	460.166666666667	56.0969831198748	147.3
12	373.95	53.1021228817215	150.3
13	385.1	35.1442999387072	115.5
14	471.358333333333	64.2130184808676	179.1
15	394.208333333333	40.6847628018454	138.7
16	407	46.6030432092544	147.6
17	378.575	49.9696839912143	132
18	336.633333333333	51.5290973993129	146.3
19	287.841666666667	33.2699826033054	112.7
20	297.566666666667	30.476438987082	117
21	281.666666666667	40.7140434412173	131.1
22	283.033333333333	28.4860837901065	109
23	408.85	48.934882520271	128.5
24	499.333333333333	37.5159925494408	109.6
25	484.008333333333	48.4390236808249	133.1
26	430.433333333333	37.4665022103584	108.4
27	507.583333333333	53.8722703730919	196.2
28	782.975	48.4555489832973	137.4
29	728.8	53.3077684940777	187
30	685.558333333333	72.5442618285032	222.9
31	604.716666666667	50.4040372360882	144

\begin{tabular}{lllllllll}
\hline
Standard Deviation-Mean Plot \tabularnewline
Section & Mean & Standard Deviation & Range \tabularnewline
1 & 227.733333333333 & 29.1940010442162 & 106 \tabularnewline
2 & 363.65 & 36.3267119348834 & 139.3 \tabularnewline
3 & 328.916666666667 & 93.5458451857438 & 273.6 \tabularnewline
4 & 205.45 & 30.3247123946491 & 89.5 \tabularnewline
5 & 188.333333333333 & 27.3773739803621 & 86 \tabularnewline
6 & 181.25 & 26.1571995999016 & 85.2 \tabularnewline
7 & 353.341666666667 & 36.2089506346236 & 110.8 \tabularnewline
8 & 285.308333333333 & 46.6051783766048 & 138.5 \tabularnewline
9 & 275.125 & 35.0509272345255 & 108.8 \tabularnewline
10 & 285.85 & 30.7409262296136 & 86.7 \tabularnewline
11 & 460.166666666667 & 56.0969831198748 & 147.3 \tabularnewline
12 & 373.95 & 53.1021228817215 & 150.3 \tabularnewline
13 & 385.1 & 35.1442999387072 & 115.5 \tabularnewline
14 & 471.358333333333 & 64.2130184808676 & 179.1 \tabularnewline
15 & 394.208333333333 & 40.6847628018454 & 138.7 \tabularnewline
16 & 407 & 46.6030432092544 & 147.6 \tabularnewline
17 & 378.575 & 49.9696839912143 & 132 \tabularnewline
18 & 336.633333333333 & 51.5290973993129 & 146.3 \tabularnewline
19 & 287.841666666667 & 33.2699826033054 & 112.7 \tabularnewline
20 & 297.566666666667 & 30.476438987082 & 117 \tabularnewline
21 & 281.666666666667 & 40.7140434412173 & 131.1 \tabularnewline
22 & 283.033333333333 & 28.4860837901065 & 109 \tabularnewline
23 & 408.85 & 48.934882520271 & 128.5 \tabularnewline
24 & 499.333333333333 & 37.5159925494408 & 109.6 \tabularnewline
25 & 484.008333333333 & 48.4390236808249 & 133.1 \tabularnewline
26 & 430.433333333333 & 37.4665022103584 & 108.4 \tabularnewline
27 & 507.583333333333 & 53.8722703730919 & 196.2 \tabularnewline
28 & 782.975 & 48.4555489832973 & 137.4 \tabularnewline
29 & 728.8 & 53.3077684940777 & 187 \tabularnewline
30 & 685.558333333333 & 72.5442618285032 & 222.9 \tabularnewline
31 & 604.716666666667 & 50.4040372360882 & 144 \tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}
%Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525&T=1

[TABLE]
[ROW][C]Standard Deviation-Mean Plot[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]Section[/C][C]Mean[/C][C]Standard Deviation[/C][C]Range[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]1[/C][C]227.733333333333[/C][C]29.1940010442162[/C][C]106[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]2[/C][C]363.65[/C][C]36.3267119348834[/C][C]139.3[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]3[/C][C]328.916666666667[/C][C]93.5458451857438[/C][C]273.6[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]4[/C][C]205.45[/C][C]30.3247123946491[/C][C]89.5[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]5[/C][C]188.333333333333[/C][C]27.3773739803621[/C][C]86[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]6[/C][C]181.25[/C][C]26.1571995999016[/C][C]85.2[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]7[/C][C]353.341666666667[/C][C]36.2089506346236[/C][C]110.8[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]8[/C][C]285.308333333333[/C][C]46.6051783766048[/C][C]138.5[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]9[/C][C]275.125[/C][C]35.0509272345255[/C][C]108.8[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]10[/C][C]285.85[/C][C]30.7409262296136[/C][C]86.7[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]11[/C][C]460.166666666667[/C][C]56.0969831198748[/C][C]147.3[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]12[/C][C]373.95[/C][C]53.1021228817215[/C][C]150.3[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]13[/C][C]385.1[/C][C]35.1442999387072[/C][C]115.5[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]14[/C][C]471.358333333333[/C][C]64.2130184808676[/C][C]179.1[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]15[/C][C]394.208333333333[/C][C]40.6847628018454[/C][C]138.7[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]16[/C][C]407[/C][C]46.6030432092544[/C][C]147.6[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]17[/C][C]378.575[/C][C]49.9696839912143[/C][C]132[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]18[/C][C]336.633333333333[/C][C]51.5290973993129[/C][C]146.3[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]19[/C][C]287.841666666667[/C][C]33.2699826033054[/C][C]112.7[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]20[/C][C]297.566666666667[/C][C]30.476438987082[/C][C]117[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]21[/C][C]281.666666666667[/C][C]40.7140434412173[/C][C]131.1[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]22[/C][C]283.033333333333[/C][C]28.4860837901065[/C][C]109[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]23[/C][C]408.85[/C][C]48.934882520271[/C][C]128.5[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]24[/C][C]499.333333333333[/C][C]37.5159925494408[/C][C]109.6[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]25[/C][C]484.008333333333[/C][C]48.4390236808249[/C][C]133.1[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]26[/C][C]430.433333333333[/C][C]37.4665022103584[/C][C]108.4[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]27[/C][C]507.583333333333[/C][C]53.8722703730919[/C][C]196.2[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]28[/C][C]782.975[/C][C]48.4555489832973[/C][C]137.4[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]29[/C][C]728.8[/C][C]53.3077684940777[/C][C]187[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]30[/C][C]685.558333333333[/C][C]72.5442618285032[/C][C]222.9[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]31[/C][C]604.716666666667[/C][C]50.4040372360882[/C][C]144[/C][/ROW]
[/TABLE]
Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525&T=1

Globally Unique Identifier (entire table): ba.freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525&T=1

As an alternative you can also use a QR Code:

The GUIDs for individual cells are displayed in the table below:

Standard Deviation-Mean Plot
Section	Mean	Standard Deviation	Range
1	227.733333333333	29.1940010442162	106
2	363.65	36.3267119348834	139.3
3	328.916666666667	93.5458451857438	273.6
4	205.45	30.3247123946491	89.5
5	188.333333333333	27.3773739803621	86
6	181.25	26.1571995999016	85.2
7	353.341666666667	36.2089506346236	110.8
8	285.308333333333	46.6051783766048	138.5
9	275.125	35.0509272345255	108.8
10	285.85	30.7409262296136	86.7
11	460.166666666667	56.0969831198748	147.3
12	373.95	53.1021228817215	150.3
13	385.1	35.1442999387072	115.5
14	471.358333333333	64.2130184808676	179.1
15	394.208333333333	40.6847628018454	138.7
16	407	46.6030432092544	147.6
17	378.575	49.9696839912143	132
18	336.633333333333	51.5290973993129	146.3
19	287.841666666667	33.2699826033054	112.7
20	297.566666666667	30.476438987082	117
21	281.666666666667	40.7140434412173	131.1
22	283.033333333333	28.4860837901065	109
23	408.85	48.934882520271	128.5
24	499.333333333333	37.5159925494408	109.6
25	484.008333333333	48.4390236808249	133.1
26	430.433333333333	37.4665022103584	108.4
27	507.583333333333	53.8722703730919	196.2
28	782.975	48.4555489832973	137.4
29	728.8	53.3077684940777	187
30	685.558333333333	72.5442618285032	222.9
31	604.716666666667	50.4040372360882	144

Regression: S.E.(k) = alpha + beta * Mean(k)
alpha	25.0818554501784
beta	0.0488516650103526
S.D.	0.0155384837695400
T-STAT	3.14391453728042
p-value	0.00382792717820019

\begin{tabular}{lllllllll}
\hline
Regression: S.E.(k) = alpha + beta * Mean(k) \tabularnewline
alpha & 25.0818554501784 \tabularnewline
beta & 0.0488516650103526 \tabularnewline
S.D. & 0.0155384837695400 \tabularnewline
T-STAT & 3.14391453728042 \tabularnewline
p-value & 0.00382792717820019 \tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}
%Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525&T=2

[TABLE]
[ROW][C]Regression: S.E.(k) = alpha + beta * Mean(k)[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]alpha[/C][C]25.0818554501784[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]beta[/C][C]0.0488516650103526[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]S.D.[/C][C]0.0155384837695400[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]T-STAT[/C][C]3.14391453728042[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]p-value[/C][C]0.00382792717820019[/C][/ROW]
[/TABLE]
Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525&T=2

Globally Unique Identifier (entire table): ba.freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525&T=2

As an alternative you can also use a QR Code:

The GUIDs for individual cells are displayed in the table below:

Regression: S.E.(k) = alpha + beta * Mean(k)
alpha	25.0818554501784
beta	0.0488516650103526
S.D.	0.0155384837695400
T-STAT	3.14391453728042
p-value	0.00382792717820019

Regression: ln S.E.(k) = alpha + beta * ln Mean(k)
alpha	0.596066412617832
beta	0.532942026074987
S.D.	0.115396834084912
T-STAT	4.61834183148243
p-value	7.31833172336402e-05
Lambda	0.467057973925013

\begin{tabular}{lllllllll}
\hline
Regression: ln S.E.(k) = alpha + beta * ln Mean(k) \tabularnewline
alpha & 0.596066412617832 \tabularnewline
beta & 0.532942026074987 \tabularnewline
S.D. & 0.115396834084912 \tabularnewline
T-STAT & 4.61834183148243 \tabularnewline
p-value & 7.31833172336402e-05 \tabularnewline
Lambda & 0.467057973925013 \tabularnewline
\hline
\end{tabular}
%Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525&T=3

[TABLE]
[ROW][C]Regression: ln S.E.(k) = alpha + beta * ln Mean(k)[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]alpha[/C][C]0.596066412617832[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]beta[/C][C]0.532942026074987[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]S.D.[/C][C]0.115396834084912[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]T-STAT[/C][C]4.61834183148243[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]p-value[/C][C]7.31833172336402e-05[/C][/ROW]
[ROW][C]Lambda[/C][C]0.467057973925013[/C][/ROW]
[/TABLE]
Source: https://freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525&T=3

Globally Unique Identifier (entire table): ba.freestatistics.org/blog/index.php?pk=31525&T=3

As an alternative you can also use a QR Code:

The GUIDs for individual cells are displayed in the table below:

Regression: ln S.E.(k) = alpha + beta * ln Mean(k)
alpha	0.596066412617832
beta	0.532942026074987
S.D.	0.115396834084912
T-STAT	4.61834183148243
p-value	7.31833172336402e-05
Lambda	0.467057973925013

Figure 1

PNG link

Postscript link

PDF link

Figure 2

PNG link

Postscript link

PDF link

Parameters (Session):

par1 = 12 ;

Parameters (R input):

par1 = 12 ;

R code (references can be found in the software module):

par1 <- as.numeric(par1)
(n <- length(x))
(np <- floor(n / par1))
arr <- array(NA,dim=c(par1,np))
j <- 0
k <- 1
for (i in 1:(np*par1))
{
j = j + 1
arr[j,k] <- x[i]
if (j == par1) {
j = 0
k=k+1
}
}
arr
arr.mean <- array(NA,dim=np)
arr.sd <- array(NA,dim=np)
arr.range <- array(NA,dim=np)
for (j in 1:np)
{
arr.mean[j] <- mean(arr[,j],na.rm=TRUE)
arr.sd[j] <- sd(arr[,j],na.rm=TRUE)
arr.range[j] <- max(arr[,j],na.rm=TRUE) - min(arr[,j],na.rm=TRUE)
}
arr.mean
arr.sd
arr.range
(lm1 <- lm(arr.sd~arr.mean))
(lnlm1 <- lm(log(arr.sd)~log(arr.mean)))
(lm2 <- lm(arr.range~arr.mean))
bitmap(file='test1.png')
plot(arr.mean,arr.sd,main='Standard Deviation-Mean Plot',xlab='mean',ylab='standard deviation')
dev.off()
bitmap(file='test2.png')
plot(arr.mean,arr.range,main='Range-Mean Plot',xlab='mean',ylab='range')
dev.off()
load(file='createtable')
a<-table.start()
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Standard Deviation-Mean Plot',4,TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Section',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,'Mean',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,'Standard Deviation',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,'Range',header=TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
for (j in 1:np) {
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,j,header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,arr.mean[j])
a<-table.element(a,arr.sd[j] )
a<-table.element(a,arr.range[j] )
a<-table.row.end(a)
}
a<-table.end(a)
table.save(a,file='mytable.tab')
a<-table.start()
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Regression: S.E.(k) = alpha + beta * Mean(k)',2,TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'alpha',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,lm1$coefficients[[1]])
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'beta',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,lm1$coefficients[[2]])
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'S.D.',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,summary(lm1)$coefficients[2,2])
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'T-STAT',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,summary(lm1)$coefficients[2,3])
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'p-value',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,summary(lm1)$coefficients[2,4])
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.end(a)
table.save(a,file='mytable1.tab')
a<-table.start()
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Regression: ln S.E.(k) = alpha + beta * ln Mean(k)',2,TRUE)
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'alpha',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,lnlm1$coefficients[[1]])
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'beta',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,lnlm1$coefficients[[2]])
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'S.D.',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,summary(lnlm1)$coefficients[2,2])
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'T-STAT',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,summary(lnlm1)$coefficients[2,3])
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'p-value',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,summary(lnlm1)$coefficients[2,4])
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.row.start(a)
a<-table.element(a,'Lambda',header=TRUE)
a<-table.element(a,1-lnlm1$coefficients[[2]])
a<-table.row.end(a)
a<-table.end(a)
table.save(a,file='mytable2.tab')

Free Statistics

Description of Statistical Computation

Tree of Dependent Computations

Dataset

Tables (Output of Computation)

Figures (Output of Computation)

Input Parameters & R Code