User-friendly and fast set of functions for estimating parameters of hierarchical Bayesian species distribution models (Latimer and others 2006 <doi:10.1890/04-0609>). Such models allow interpreting the observations (occurrence and abundance of a species) as a result of several hierarchical processes including ecological processes (habitat suitability, spatial dependence and anthropogenic disturbance) and observation processes (species detectability). Hierarchical species distribution models are essential for accurately characterizing the environmental response of species, predicting their probability of occurrence, and assessing uncertainty in the model results.

We present this package for fitting structural equation models using the hierarchical likelihood method. This package allows extended structural equation model, including dynamic structural equation model. We illustrate the use of our packages with well-known data sets. Therefore, this package are able to handle two serious problems inadmissible solution and factor indeterminacy <doi:10.3390/sym13040657>.

Implementation of S4 class of sets and multisets of numbers.
    The implementation is based on the hash table from the package 'hash'.
    Quick operations are allowed when the set is a dynamic object.
    The implementation is discussed in detail in Ceoldo and Wit (2023) <arXiv:2304.09809>.

To test the homogeneity of stratum effects in stratified paired binary data.

Identification of recombination events, haplotype reconstruction, sire imputation and pedigree reconstruction using half-sib family SNP data.

Spatial heterogeneity can be specified in various ways. 'hspm' is an ambitious project that aims at implementing various methodologies to control for heterogeneity in spatial models. The current version of 'hspm' deals with spatial and (non-spatial) regimes models. In particular, the package allows to estimate a general spatial regimes model with additional endogenous variables, specified in terms of a spatial lag of the dependent variable, the spatially lagged regressors, and, potentially, a spatially autocorrelated error term. Spatial regime models are estimated by instrumental variables and generalized methods of moments (see Arraiz et al., (2010) <doi:10.1111/j.1467-9787.2009.00618.x>, Bivand and Piras, (2015) <doi:10.18637/jss.v063.i18>, Drukker et al., (2013) <doi:10.1080/07474938.2013.741020>, Kelejian and Prucha, (2010) <doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2009.10.025>).